Shi Dakai's objection to the bloodshed led to his family and retinue being killed by Wei and Qin with Wei ultimately planning to imprison Hong. During the 19th century, the Qing did not describe the conflict as either a civil war or a movement because doing so would have lent credibility to the Taiping. [78], The rebels also manufactured weapons, and imported manufacturing equipment. [111] In Flashman and the Dragon, the fictional Harry Paget Flashman recounts his adventures during the Second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion. Ningbo was easily captured on December 9, and Hangzhou was besieged and finally captured on December 31, 1861. the 1890s, when western-educated bureaucrats and reformers made their "[76] The Taiping army was the rebellion's key strength. Certain I am, that Christian Religion does no where allow Rebellion. However, based on Hong's understanding of Christianity, men and women were kept strictly segregated, and even married couples were prohibited from living together or having sex. A coalition of Qing troops and Chinese soldiers under European officers defended the city, then set out to crush the rebellion in the southern provinces. On January 11, 1851, Hong declared himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace (or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), from which comes the term "Taipings" commonly used for them in English language studies. Hungarian (Habsburg), British, French, and Italian infantry, as well as [17] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. The Jintian Uprising that started it all has a prominent place on the "Monument to the People's Heroes" that stands today in Tiananmen Square, central Beijing. Their victims did not know where the bandits had come from and, when they plundered Buddhist temples, they were mistaken for Chinese Muslims from Yunnan called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Lao language (Thai: . [15] Farmers were heavily overtaxed, rents rose dramatically, and peasants started to desert their lands in droves. The Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) was a millenarian uprising in southern China that began as a peasant rebellionand turned into an extremely bloody civil war. In 1850, inspired by Biblical teachings, a group led by Hong Xiujuan aimed a rebellion against the Qing government. What Was the Taiping Rebellion? Those genuinely serving humanity always ultimately emerge triumphant. On the surface, we as American women are independent, free, and mobile, but at our cores we still long for love, friendship, happiness, tranquility, and to be heard. Weakened severely by internal conflict, an attempted coup, and the failure of the siege of Beijing, the Taipings were defeated by decentralized, provincial armies such as the Xiang Army organized and commanded by Zeng Guofan. Taiping Rebellion Quotes & Sayings . The Taiping rebels' early military success made them quite popular with the peasants of Guangxi, but their efforts to attract support from the middle-class landowners and from Europeans failed. David Strand, and Ming K. Chan, "Militarism and Militarization in Modern Chinese History". "[105], Famine, disease, massacres, and social disruption led to a sharp decline in population, especially in the Yangtze delta region. Hong Xiuquan's teachings and the famine sparked a January 1851 uprising in Jintian (now called Guiping), which the government quashed. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor. He bypassed the professional regular armies and recruited from local villages, paying and drilling them well. Poetry is man's rebellion against being what he is. interpretation of Christianity and sought to eliminate rampant corruption, Many Western officials visited the capital of Taiping between 1863 and 1864, and American commissioner Robert Milligan McLane considered granting official recognition of the Taiping government. 2 Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic Han Chinese officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been. Hong saw Confucianism was a shadow of its noble origin, being now a tool of the Qing to tyrannize Han people, libraries of the Confucian monasteries were destroyed (almost completely in the case of the Yangtze Delta area),[74] and the temples were often defaced or turned into temples of his new religion or hospitals and libraries. mounted Russian Cossacks in defeating and humiliating both the Qing The sixteen million of the First World War, over four million in Vietnam, forty million to the Mongol conquests, three and a half million to the Hundred Years War, the fall of Rome took seven million, the Napoleonic Wars took four million, twenty million to the Taiping Rebellion. Jessica Valenti, And if strict monogamy is the height of all virtue, then the palm must go to the tapeworm, which has a complete set of male and female sexual organs in each of its 50-200 proglottides, or sections, and spends its whole life copulating in all its sections with itself. It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.[56]. Taiping Rebellion Definition (1850-1864) Massive rebellion against the Qing led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the youngest brother of Jesus Christ come to earth to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace". The rebels were relatively well-equipped with modern weapons. An attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was repulsed by an army of Qing troops supported by European officers under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward. He was sick for 20 days before succumbing and a few days after his death, Qing forces took the city. Over the course of the conflict, around 90% of recruits to the Taiping side would be killed or defect.[83]. However, after 1853 there ceased being many women in the Taiping army. Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion. Best of 2022 Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to Kate Atkinson, Fifty-five thousand, five hundred and seventy-three dead from Bomber Command. Zuo Zongtang from Hunan province was another important Qing general who contributed in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. In 1863, Shi Dakai surrendered to the Qing near the Sichuan capital Chengdu and was executed by slow-slicing. Although the Qing regime put down the last vestiges of the rebellion in 3 ratings0 reviews. Answer (1 of 2): Why did the Taiping Rebellion gain so many followers? The Taiping Rebellion began in the southern province of Guangxi when local officials launched a campaign of religious persecution against the God Worshipping Society. For example, "World war II" . They have adhered to the myth out of self-interest and a zealous desire to put down God. 112 matching entries found. [35], Soon after Hong began preaching across Guangxi in 1844, his follower Feng Yunshan founded the God Worshipping Society, a movement which followed Hong's fusion of Christianity, Daoism, Confucianism and indigenous millenarianism, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi. [73] In regards to religion, the Kingdom established as official religion Hong's Shenism, which held that Hong Xiuquan was the younger brother of Jesus and second son of the Emperor. [10], More colloquially, the Chinese called the Taiping some variant of Long-Hairs (), because they did not shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a queue as Qing subjects were obligated to do, allowing their hair to grow long. Maochun Yu, "The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution", printed in, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLipman1998 (. [49] Wei's plans were ultimately thwarted and he and Qin were executed by Hong. In 1861, around the time of the death of the Xianfeng Emperor and ascension of the Tongzhi Emperor, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army captured Anqing with help from a naval blockade imposed by the Royal Navy on the city. Phillip E. Johnson Oberon "Holy revelations Druidman! When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. [citation needed] They typically wore a uniform of red jackets with blue trousers, and grew their hair long so in China they were nicknamed "long hair". He came under the influence of Christian missionaries, and reached the conclusion that he was the younger brother of Jesus sent to found the Heavenly Kingdom on earth. [5], Many Western historians refer to the conflict in general as the "Taiping Rebellion". [115] According to historian Eugene P. Boardman, the Qing dynasty's enforcement of the treaty of 18421844 was frustrating US and British officials, especially in terms of open trade. Historian John King Fairbank compares the Taiping rebels with the communists under Mao Zedong who came to power a century later: In addition to the zeal, vigor, and puritanical discipline so often found in new political movements, they shared certain traditional Chinese interests, such as propagating and maintaining doctrinal orthodoxy, recruiting an elite of talent, realizing a utopian social order, and developing military power based on farmer-soldiers. "What Was the Taiping Rebellion?" But after Tianguifu's capture on October 25, 1864, Taiping resistance was gradually pushed into the highlands of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian and finally Guangdong, where one of the last Taiping loyalists, Wang Haiyang, was defeated on January 29, 1866. [38], The movement at first grew by suppressing groups of bandits and pirates in southern China in the late 1840s, then suppression by Qing authorities led it to evolve into guerrilla warfare and subsequently a widespread civil war. [115], According to Clarke the Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further inspections of the rebellion. Both armies would attempt to push each other off of the battlefield, and though casualties were high, few battles were decisively won. Israelmore Ayivor, Way has never opened in front of me but a lot of way has closed behind me, and that has had the same guiding effect. Its goals were religious, nationalist, and political in nature; Hong sought the conversion of the Han people to the Taiping's syncretic version of Christianity, to overthrow the Qing dynasty, and a state transformation. [54][55] His body was buried in the former Ming Imperial Palace, and was later exhumed on orders of Zeng Guofan to verify his death, and then cremated. [65][66] Du's forces led many non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, Li, Bai, and Hani peoples. The rebellion is considered to be one of the most destructive civil wars experienced not only in China but also around the world. Be the first to contribute! This group did not acknowledge the Qing dynasty as legitimate, and it The Taiping rebels were successful in taking Hangzhou on March 19, 1860, Changzhou on May 26, and Suzhou on June 2 to the east. . [67] They were assisted by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other hill tribes in the revolt. Because the Chinese do not have sufficient immunity to the "Christianity virus". Furthermore, both made use of foreign ideologies which required translation into Chinese with inevitable modifications in the process.[110]. The Heavenly Kingdom also outlawed foot binding, based its civil service exams on the Bible instead of Confucian texts, used a lunar calendar rather than a solar one, and outlawed vices such as opium, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and prostitution. Menu. Teng, Yuah Chung. Simple . Zeng Guofan had initially failed so badly that he attempted suicide, but he then adopted the teachings of the 16th century Ming-dynasty general Qi Jiguang. Even though it is virtually impossible to establish the exact number of casualties that succumbed to the Taiping . Happy to read and share the best inspirational Taiping Rebellion quotes, sayings and quotations on Wise Famous Quotes. [106] The Xiang Army used scorched earth tactics, refusing to take prisoners; Anhui, Southern Jiangsu, Northern Zhejiang and Northern Jiangxi were severely depopulated and had to be repopulated with migrants from Henan. It lasted for some 14 years (1850-64), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million lives, and irrevocably altered the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The war has also been depicted in a few television shows and films. [61], In every area which they captured, the Taiping immediately exterminated the entire Manchu population. Rebellion without truth is like spring in a bleak, arid desert. All Rights Reserved. [69] According to modern researchers,[70] the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of many local brawls and riots which were triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. The rebellion was sparked by a famine in Guangxi Province, and Qing government repression of the resulting peasant protests. 720 pages, Hardcover. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. Have you ever gotten breathless before from a beautiful face, for i see you there, my dear. PEASANT REVOLTS IN CHINA, 18401949. Author: D.H. Lawrence. The most widely cited sources estimate the total number of deaths during the almost 14 years of the rebellion to be approximately 2030million civilians and soldiers. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war waged in China over a fourteen-year period in the middle of the nineteenth century. Szczepanski, Kallie. aimed at the wholesale redistribution of property in China. It tires you out and you never seem to get any kind of reward. You can use double quotes to search for a series of words in a particular order. With Hong withdrawn from view and Yang out of the picture, the remaining Taiping leaders[who?] However, the capture of Nanjing in that year led to a deterioration of relations between the Taiping rebels and the triads. This is a Premium document. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Eventually, two other God Worshippers claimed to possess the ability to speak as members of the "Celestial Family", the Father in the case of Yang Xiuqing and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao Chaogui.[39][40]. The scholar Jian Youwen is among those who refer to the rebellion as the "Taiping Revolutionary Movement" on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than working towards the replacement of one dynasty with another. The meaning of man's existence is not to dominate over others, but to better humanity. Almost every citizen who had not fled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was given military training and conscripted into the army to fight against Qing imperial forces. Nationalists as well as the Chinese Communists. [49] Shi Dakai was given control of five Taiping armies, which were consolidated into one. ; Affairs at Ningpo Admiral Hope Finds Fault with the Rebels Proceedings of the Insurrectionists Distress at Shanghai How Foreigners are to be Protected", "Western colonialism - The Opium Wars | Britannica", "New Chinese Military History, 18391951: What's the Story? The massive death toll resulted in a labor shortage that took a generation to recover in certain regions. Growing long hair was a capital offense under Qing law. Just if/how/whom we have sex with. It was also dismissively referred to as the Red Sheep Rebellion () because "Hong-Yang" sounds like "Red Sheep" in Chinese. It is no coincidence that Hong Xiuquan and the other Taiping royals were Hakka. The group was called "the God Worshippers," which relied on local [9] The war was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides. It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century. Chesneaux, Jean. [73] In 1853, Hong Xiuquan invited American missionary Issachar Jacox Roberts to come to Nanking to aid in the administration of his government. | Sitemap |. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Every act of rebellion expresses a nostalgia for innocence and an appeal to the essence of being. Wu Kun's troops broke up and became marauding armies such as the Yellow Flag Army led by Huang Chongying () and the Black Flag Army (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hiq Jn; Vietnamese: Qun c en) led by Liu Yongfu. Immediate Effects of the Rebellion. The result was a shortage in labor supply for the first time in centuries, making labor relatively more valuable than land. By 1865, five of the eight viceroys were Hunanese. 2021-22, 1-2 Short Answer- Cultural Objects and Their Culture, Chapter 02 Human Resource Strategy and Planning, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. so a lot of things changed during that span. This tension culminated in the 1856 Tianjing Incident, wherein Yang and his followers were slaughtered by Wei Changhui, Qin Rigang, and their troops on Hong Xiuquan's orders.[48]. The thing worse than rebellion is the thing that causes rebellion. He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". [45][46] The former expedition was a complete failure but the latter achieved limited success. The following poem, titled Poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous (), written in 1837 by Hong, illustrates his religious thinking and goal that later led to the establishment of the "Heavenly Kingdom of Taiping". Kate Atkinson, They don't want to know that you'll never eat birthday cake because you don't want to erase the magical taste of frosting on his lips. In early January 1851, following a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yunshan and Wei Changhui routed Qing forces stationed in Jintian (present-day Guiping, Guangxi). Hoping feels like you're a balloon that has a pinhole that slowly leaks air. As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. Zeng's Xiang Army proved effective in gradually turning back the Taiping advance in the western theater of the war and ultimately retaking much of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. [116] Similarly to McCartee, Hong's director of foreign affairs I. J. Roberts wrote, "His religious toleration, and multiplicity of chapels turns out to be a farce, of no avail in the spread of Christianity worse than useless. The Taiping rebellion was enormous in every way: perhaps 20 million deaths, armies approaching a million soldiers, sustained Taiping control of large swatches of Chinese territory and cities, and an extended time duration of fighting (about fifteen years). [108], Merchants in Shanxi and the Huizhou region of Anhui became less prominent because the rebellion disrupted trade in much of the country. Christopher Paul Curtis, (Hungarian ) the only tongue the devil respects Chico Buarque, Seven million German dead, including the five hundred thousand killed by the Allied bombing campaign. See also [78] Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng advised the Qing to buy, and to learn how to replicate, the best foreign cannon and gun carriages to prepare for war with foreign powers. An April 1862 shipment from an American dealer "well known for their dealings with rebels" included 2,783 (percussion cap) muskets, 66 carbines, 4 rifles, and 895 field artillery guns; the dealer carried passports signed by the Loyal King. [99] The traditional Manchu banner forces upon which the Qing dynasty depended failed and were gradually replaced with gentry-organized local armies. There was also a small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats, that operated along the Yangtze and its tributaries. The men also grew out their hair, which had been kept in the queue style as per Qing regulations. [44] Shortly thereafter, the Taiping launched concurrent Northern and Western expeditions, in an effort to relieve pressure on Nanjing and achieve significant territorial gains. [7] The Taipings established the Heavenly Kingdom as an oppositional state based in Tianjing and gained control of a significant part of southern China, eventually expanding to command a population base of nearly 30 million people. The Taiping army pressed north into Hunan following the Xiang River, besieging Changsha, occupying Yuezhou, and then capturing Wuchang in December 1852 after reaching the Yangtze River. reform and, in 1898, tapped into public antipathy against Westerners. First published February 1, 2000. [73] The Taiping government proved especially welcoming to Western missionaries. Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. And gods, it seems, are no exception. These corps were placed into armies of varying sizes. Traditionalists in the court, however, led by the empress, blocked this Szczepanski, Kallie. The behave upon that this motility had on China, non only highlighted the breakdown of the traditional monastic tell but is also, considered yesteryear many scholars, to withdraw hold been to a greater extent than disastrous . The whole world loves a maverick and the whole world wants the maverick to achieve something nobler than simple rebellion.
