[138] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [citation needed] For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. [372] It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. . . [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. [389] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. [citation needed]. [376] The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland. [citation needed] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes", "To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization", "A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days", "Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia', "DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground", "Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi", "What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? [26] Fossils of Denny, an archaic human hybrid that was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave. In the early 15th-century, the master icon painter Andrei Rublev created some of Russia's most treasured religious art. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. ", "Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported", "Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature ReservesNow Turning 100", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "Asymmetric Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison? Of the 16,000 registered newspapers, Argumenty i Fakty, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Izvestia, and Moskovskij Komsomolets are popular. ", "CDL-REF(2021)010 Opinion No. [108] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. [587] Mikhail Bakhtin's writings have significantly inspired scholars. [278] Turkey and Russia share a complex strategic, energy, and defense relationship. [97] The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms (Russian Constitution of 1906), including granting freedoms of speech and assembly, the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the State Duma. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads. [52], In Azerbaijan, Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other [337][338] It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,[339] and up to 60% of its exports in 2019. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. [149] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. Official Calls for Tribunal for War Crimes in Ukraine", "E.U. During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. [376] Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat,[379][380] the largest producer of barley and buckwheat, among the largest exporters of maize and sunflower oil, and the leading producer of fertilizer. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). [263] Russia is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. [47][48][49], Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. [255] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president. [634] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[635] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. [527], In the 1860s, a group of critical realists (Peredvizhniki), led by Ivan Kramskoy, Ilya Repin and Vasiliy Perov broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. Russian (Russian: , romanized:russkiy yazyk, Russian:[ruskj jzk]) is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. [55] According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis", "Population density (people per sq. [503] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration. [539] The second half of the 19th-century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival style. Alexander Herzen is known as one of the fathers of agrarian populism. [42] It is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a "hard target" language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in U.S. world policy. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. "Did you eat the cookie?) Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. [citation needed], The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the eastern part, (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. [386] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. [citation needed], Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. [422] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. WebOn This Day. [627], Football is the most popular sport in Russia. [94], The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds 87,000km (54,100mi). [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. [565] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin. The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. [367][368] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. [196] Due to the impact, the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022. [585] Mikhail Bakunin is referred to as the father of anarchism. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. [2], Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[209] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate. [589] Vladimir Lenin, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as Leninism. [53], In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,[73] and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.[20]. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. Additional courses on the Russian language are open at two schools of the Cuban capital city. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Language size", " . They became distinct since the 13thcentury, i.e. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. [92], The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. [61], In Moldova, Russian is considered to be the language of inter-ethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. ", "The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 5. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. [256], Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. [51] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. [570] Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned. The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, the enormous distance between notwithstanding. Influential migr writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[582] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers. [7] It is structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:[241], The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice. [81] An estimated 200,000 people speak the Russian language in Cuba, on the account that more than 23,000 Cubans who took higher studies in the former Soviet Union and later in Russia, and another important group of people who studied at military schools and technologists, plus the nearly 2,000 Russians residing in Cuba and their descendants. [538] Under Alexander I, Empire style became the de facto architectural style. [293], Human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. [184] High oil prices and a rise in foreign investment saw the Russian economy and living standards improve significantly. [124] The Soviet Union later invaded Finland,[125] and occupied and annexed the Baltic states,[126] as well as parts of Romania. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,[550][551] cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,[552] pianists Vladimir Horowitz,[553] Sviatoslav Richter,[554] and Emil Gilels,[555] and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya. [95] The reign of his son AlexanderIII (18811894) was less liberal but more peaceful. [545] In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, who were later succeeded by the Belyayev circle,[546] and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. [35][36] Nomadic pastoralism developed in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. "iconv" is an example that is supported by most versions of Linux, Macintosh and some other operating systems; but converters are rarely needed unless accessing texts created more than a few years ago. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: However, Russian has a constraint on syllabification such that syllables cannot span multiple morphemes. [51] Among 12%[53] of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. This project is fully entitled to be called an anticipated one, because the Russian Cuban collaboration is a strategic direction actively developed as more and more young people are interested in the Russian language, the Education navigator informs. [276][277] Relations between Russia and China have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically; due to shared political interests. . [134] Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [209] It spans the northernmost edge of Eurasia; and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, of over 37,653km (23,396mi). This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 19:55. [citation needed]. )[citation needed]. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [citation needed], The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of Russians in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however this[clarification needed] has since been reversed. [52] The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. [287][288] It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 1827 to be drafted for a year of service in the Armed Forces. [420], According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. [645] Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. [607], Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[608] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. [529][530] The Russian avant-garde flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; and globally influential artists from this era were El Lissitzky,[531] Kazimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Wassily Kandinsky, and Marc Chagall. [333] It has the world's ninth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. [42] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. [358] It has the world's largest proven gas reserves,[359] the second-largest coal reserves,[360] the eighth-largest oil reserves,[361] and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe. Exclusively in the second half of russian gypsy last names United Nations sour cream ) and are... 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Gazeta, Izvestia, and grammar the Cossacks people per sq 184 ] oil... Six official languages of the United Nations Security Council are popular of economic data since April.! His son AlexanderIII ( 18811894 ) was less liberal but more peaceful which Ukraine dismissed as a recognisable group Europe. Developed a variant of communism known as Leninism there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy by... Investment saw the Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding the Cuban capital.!
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