The New Woman in Fiction and in Fact: Fin-de-siecle Feminisms. According to Lyn Pyketts definition, the New Woman fiction consists mainly of works which fit W. T. Steads (1894) description of the novel of the modern woman; they are novels by a woman about women from the standpoint of Woman (5). of your Kindle email address below. 3 vols. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. David Lloyd George replaces Asquith as Prime Minister. However, it made a lasting impact on popular imagination and perhaps on the lives of many women in England and elsewhere. Chronicles of the past have the subjectivity and subtly [], King Henrys Competence as a Ruler in Henry V Content may require purchase if you do not have access. To save content items to your account, Total loading time: 0.256 If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. The Victorian period witnessed massive changes in thinking about womens roles in society. The period between 1905 and 1914 saw a rise in activism and may be considered the height of the suffrage movement, a time of great energy only brought to an end by Britains entrance into the First World War. Prisoners Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health Act (Cat and Mouse Act) introduced in April: hunger-striking prisoners released until they recover, and are then rearrested. Olive Schreiner (1855-1920) is regarded as a pioneer of the New Woman fiction. As classical Aristotelianism held that women are incapable of reason, many argued that women's nature prevented them from higher learning. To save content items to your account, Still, as 350,000 emigrants have left our shores in a single year before now, and as we do not need and do not wish to expatriate the whole number at once, or with any great rapidity, the undertaking, though difficult, would seem to be quite possible. George Egerton (Mary Chavelita Dunne, 1859-1945) is called by Elaine Showalter the paradigmatic figure among the New Woman writers (xii). Sarah Grand (pseudonym of Frances Elizabeth Clarke, 1854-1943) was a member of the Woman Writers Suffrage League and an active feminist. To save content items to your account, Students who find writing to be a difficult task. Yet women were also cast in much wartime rhetoric and propaganda as the reason to fight: the home was to be protected. In 1865, the Kensington Society, a womans discussion group, took up the question of womens suffrage. For example, in the second half of the 19th century, in the context of religion, extensive discussion within the United States took place on the participation of women in church. Prominent members included Mrs. Humphry Ward, Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, Lady Jersey. Has data issue: true The Woman Question: The Modernist Journals Project present Essays that explore and expand on themes present in the journals. Specific campaigns that were highly influential for the women's movement (concerning property, child custody, higher education, prostitution or suffrage) can only be mentioned briefly, for the woman question was a broader discourse than the summed activism of the women's movement. Many female protagonists of the New Woman fiction experienced conventional marriage as a degrading and oppressive institution because women suffered inferior status and were often victims of domestic violence and other threats. The Kings pondering of Gods view of and hand in war continuously guides his decisions and and methods. Many New Woman novels strongly opposed the idea that home is womans only proper sphere. Focusing on Martineau's early career in the 1820s and 1830s, I argue that she actively sought anonymity and objectivity in her work as a means of distancing her gender and The NUWSS was the largest organization devoted to suffrage. One of the most important values of the New Woman fiction was an attempt to renegotiate sexual relations between the sexes, and gendered behaviour. Hostname: page-component-75cd96bb89-h8m6h By analysing these novels in the context of the scientific, religious and literary discourses that shaped Victorian ideas about gender, it contributes to an important inter-disciplinary debate. Highest number of members: 53,000+ (1914). As a result, the treatment is only loosely chronological; arguments are grouped together thematically and different dimensions of the woman question are discussed in turn. hasContentIssue true, Responding to the woman questions: rereading noncanonical Victorian women novelists, Marriage and the antifeminist woman novelist, Breaking apart: the early Victorian divorce novel, Phantasies of matriarchy in Victorian children's literature, Gendered observations: Harriet Martineau and the woman question, Maximizing Oliphant: begging the question and the politics of satire, Literary women of the 1850s and Charlotte Mary Yonge's, Portraits of the artist as a young woman: representations of the female artist in the New Woman fiction of the 1890s, Lady in green with novel: the gendered economics of the visual arts and mid-Victorian women's writing, Organizing women: New Woman writers, New Woman readers, and suffrage feminism, Shot out of the canon: Mary Ward and the claims of conflicting feminism, An old-fashioned young woman: Marie Corelli and the New Woman, CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY LITERATURE AND CULTURE, Victorian Women Writers and the Woman Question, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659348.005, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. The Women and Men of 1914. In Cooper et al. The former were less radical and emulated bold and independent women characters, like Benjamin Disraelis Sybil, Charlotte Bronts Shirley and Elizabeth Gaskells Margaret Hale. 1894), 271. In the early years of the war, the Pankhursts called for the destruction of man-made society; only after it was clear that the war, which quickly stalemated, would be unprecedented in its destruction did they shift their focus away from enfranchisement and towards war work. Render date: 2023-01-18T15:11:08.746Z Marcus, Jane. From 1450 into the years that witnessed the beginning of the Reformation, institutions controlled by the Catholic Church, had come into question. Pacifist feminists, such as those who started the International Womens Suffrage Alliance, believed that women were meant for peace, and that women all over the world should be united in their pursuit of emancipation. The discourse on gender relations took place alongside developments in labour relations (increased feminisation of the labour force), divorce legislature, education for women, single motherhood, sanitation and epidemiology as well as female consumer culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. The questions of subjectivity and representation were key to the modernist project, even if feminist literature was seen (at the time) as outside that project. this unit address the competing visions of those Asquith announces the introduction of a manhood suffrage bill and says an amendment for women might be possible. With the Great War and the passage of womens suffrage came some resolution of that question, although, as James Longenbach argues in his essay The Women and Men of 1914, the debates surrounding the relationships, both public and private, between men and women in the modernist period were far from over. The marriage debate was also about the New Woman, the fin-de-siecle representation of the feminist. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. Emily Wilding Davison throws herself in front of the Kings horse in Derby and dies. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. London: Trbner, 1869. . At the end of the nineteenth century, New Woman ideology began to play a significant part in complex social changes that led to the redefining gender roles, consolidating womens rights, and overcoming masculine supremacy. Available from: https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/woman-question-at-the-victorian-times/. Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes. In 1866, Barbara Bodichon, Emily Davies, and Elizabeth Garrett drafted a petition calling on Parliament to consider the question. Representation of the People Bill clause to give women the vote passes the House of Commons 387-57. London, 1839. The Modernist Journals Project does not own nor does it assert any copyright in the contents of this object. She was viewed as a threat to middle-class hegemony, to the ideology of domestic space. George Gissings (1857-1903) Odd Women (1893) takes up the theme of redundant women in the 1880s. Lyn Pykett has observed the ambivalent representations of the New Woman in the late-Victorian discourse: The New Woman was by turns: a mannish amazon and a Womanly woman; she was oversexed, undersexed, or same sex identified; she was anti-maternal, or a racial supermother; she was male-identified, or manhating and/or man-eating or self-appointed saviour of benighted masculinity; she was anti-domestic or she sought to make domestic values prevail; she was radical, socialist or revolutionary, or she was reactionary and conservative; she was the agent of social and/or racial regeneration, or symptom and agent of decline. The New Woman novelists tried to redefine the relations between the sexes and called for honesty in sexual matters. In that time span, 1000 women were imprisoned for arson, window-smashing, vandalism of postboxes, demonstrations, and other forms of civil disobedience. The author argued with genuine concern that according to statistics [t]here were, in England and Wales, in 1851, 1,248,00 women in the prime of their life, i.e. the Victorian period motivated discussion and Sarah Ellis is an example of the type of values addressed to the (upper-middle-class) Victorian woman. The New Aspect of the Woman Question, North American Review, 158 ( Mar. [15], However, Greg signalled a serious obstacle to his plan. . The passage of the Prisoners Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health Act, also known as the Cat and Mouse Act, further turned public support against the government and police. George Meredith wrote a significant New Woman novel, Diana of Crossways (1885) about a passionate and intelligent upper-class young woman who is trapped into an abusive and degrading marriage. Where do you want us to send this sample? Other critics and literary historians, such as Ann Ardis, note the importance of New Woman fiction to the development and concerns not only of the feminist movement but to modernism as a whole. By clicking Continue, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. hasContentIssue true, Political thought after the French Revolution, From Jeremy Bentham's radical philosophy to J. S. Mill's philosophic radicalism, The woman question and the origins of feminism, American political thought from Jeffersonian republicanism to progressivism, German liberalism in the nineteenth century, The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought, https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521430562.012, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Focusing on Martineau's early career in the 1820s and 1830s, I argue that she actively sought anonymity and objectivity in her work as a means of distancing her gender and identity from her writing. The Woman Question. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings Bibliography]. Victorian attitudes towards womens power and place in society were complex, governed by an ideology of separate spheres. Men functioned in the public sphere, working in a world driven by ambition and grasping, a world where perhaps they had to sacrifice a certain moral rectitude to maintain economic and social position and power. [136]. This essay was donated by a student and is likely to have been used and submitted before, Free samples may contain mistakes and not unique parts. The inequality in society was not only between men and women, but also among women of differing social and economic status. The anti-suffrage movement had always had significant numbers. Historians such as Lisa Tickner and Barbara Green have shown that Edwardians didnt quite know what to make of crowds of beautiful, tastefully dressed and well-educated middle and upper class women taking to the streets. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. United Kingdom:University of Toronto Press. The NUWSS sought recognition of the citizenship of women and the role they could play in national life, while not really calling for a radical rethinking of the nature of womens lives either private or public. The second type of the New Woman fiction depicted the traditional Victorian marriage as repugnant and emphasised the sexual double standard and male degeneration. New Woman fiction dealt frankly with sex and marriage as well as womens desires for independence and fulfilment. In a gendered world governed by a strict dichotomyangel in the house or fallen womanthe New Woman was a site of slippage, a figure that served to interrogate the nature of sexual identity and the ways it dictated public roles and representations. Charlotte Bront concerned themselves with ". Secular states had begun to form in early modern Europe, and the feudal system was overtaken by centralized governments. From this concern and fascination, the Woman Question arose, a debate that touched on issues of sexual inequality in politics, economic life, education, and social interactions. WSPU Womens Parliament, followed by march on Parliament and 51 arrests. "The woman question", which is translated from the French term querelle des femmes (literally, "dispute of women"), refers both in historiography to an intellectual debate from the 1400s to the 1700s on the nature of women and feminist campaigns for social change after the 1700s. [2], The social and religious more and norms effecting the perception of women's behavior in the early modern era depended on the woman's social class, not only in terms of the expectations society had of them, but because their autonomy and ability to make choices, the legal protections and dignity privilege afforded, and access to education was not available for all women. The class- [Richardson and Willis, xii]. However, this might also be regarded as the tipping point in the woman question, as people began to turn against the more violent manifestations of female activism. "The woman question", which is translated from the French term querelle des femmes (literally, "dispute of women"), refers both in historiography to an intellectual debate from the 1400s to the 1700s on the nature of women and feminist campaigns for social change after the 1700s. Classical philosophy held that women were inferior to men at a physical level, and this physical inferiority made them intellectually inferior as well. The "Woman Question" was a gradually developing issue in the nineteenth century. Feminist and anti-feminist ideologies were a response, on the one hand, to the specialisation of the family with its differing impact. Some of the most prominent female New Woman novelists, now almost forgotten, include Olive Schreiner, Sarah Grand, and George Egerton, who were violently criticised and praised by both female and male readers. Grand, Sarah. Furthermore, differing notions over the role women play during wartime make resolving the impact the war had on the woman question difficult. The Married Womens Property Acts of 1870 allowed married women to retain and control their earned income, and in 1882 they gained the right to own and control their property. Corpus-Corps-Corpse: Writing the Body in/at War. In Cooper et al. In response to this defeat, the women of the Kensington Society founded the London Society for Womens Suffrage; this organization would, in 1897, join with seventeen other organizations to become the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Gender Matters > War was declared on 4 August 1914. Fictional genres > The relations of the womanly to the manly nature, their different capacities of intellect or of virtue, seem never to have been yet measured with entire consent (Ruskin n.d. [1865], p. 49). [12], Cultural discussions around the fundamental rights of women, The Portable Rabelais, p. 370. ed. In the 1880s and 1890s, the Woman Question became a vital issue in British newspapers and periodicals. From marriage and sexuality to education and rights, Professor Kathryn Hughes looks at attitudes towards gender in 19th-century Britain. The New Woman emerged at the end of the century as a type, a symbol, a social force. If you live outside the United States, please check the laws of your country before downloading any of these materials. [5], Baldassare Castiglione contributed to the querelle in The Courtier in 1527, which voiced some support for the 'gentle' side of the debate, which favored women. She claims that women must exert their moral influence over men, acting selflessly in order to be certain that the man acts with responsibility. To save content items to your account, First march and demonstration by WSPU at Parliament in February. Others, like Jane Marcus, argue that it destroyed the feminist movement. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. The novel became an inspiration for a number of New Women in their struggle for emancipation at the turn of the century. The novel prompted Lucas Cleeve (Adelina G. I. Kingscote, 1868-1908) to write The Woman Who Wouldn't, and Victoria Cross(e) (Annie Sophie Cory, 1868-1952), The Woman Who Didn't. Identifies three aspects of New Women fiction that have previously been overlooked: its intertextuality, its self-consciousness, and the way in which it subverts The purpose of this chapter is not to rescue Martineau from this obscurity but to interrogate the notion of obscurity itself in the history of nineteenth-century feminism. Gender (2.171939) These questions of subjecthood and representation surrounding the conception of womanliness were at the crux of the idea of the New Woman. Therefore, women and light occupy adjacent points on the circle of creation and must have similar properties of purity. On the other hand, however, the suffragettes equally clearly fulfilled their expected roles in all other respects (79). Sue Bridehead, an enlightened liberal New Woman, is a victim of oppressive Victorian double moral standard. Major women writers such as George Eliot and The Woman Question: Militancy reached its height in 1913 with the death of Emily Wilding Davison, who threw herself in front of the Kings horse at Derby; she quickly became a martyr for the cause, and her death gained sympathy for the movement. Age. She was intelligent, educated, emancipated, independent and self-supporting. On 15 May 1917, the Representation of the People bill was introduced to the House of Commons, passed the House of Lords on 10 January 1918, and received royal assent on 6 February 1918. going further, read the section on The Role She is the author of Reviewing Sex: Gender and the Reception of [citation needed]. The woman question in Victorian England referred to the various debates about womens place in society, with opposing voices emphasizing either the need for women to have greater economic, educational, and political opportunities or the idea that women properly belonged in the home as caretaker to her family. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Several trends are worth noting here: the rise of militancy and the split between constitutional and militant organizations; the growth of the anti-suffrage movement; the role played by politicians, parties, and the Government; and the shutting down of the militant suffrage movement at the start of the war. This rise in activism created some opposition to the suffrage movement, particularly among those who did not advocate the more militant activity of the suffragettes, the members of the movement who pursued radical means of activism in contrast to suffragists, who pursued more moderate means of advancing the cause. (2.115565). She condemned womens industrial employment and propagated domestic feminism. As Barbara Caine has pointed out, In their novels, innocent and ignorant women faced the terrible suffering which came from venereal disease and which was a result both of their own sexual ignorance and of the past sexual excesses of their husbands. Christabel, in the later years of the movement, also redirected her attention to include crusades for moral reform, speaking against male vice and the sexual double standard. Coronation Procession: 40,000 women march. [8], The term querelle des femmes was used in England in the Victorian era, stimulated, for example, by the Reform Act 1832 and the Reform Act 1867. 28 July 2011. We want the vote so that we may help to maintain the cause of Christian civilization for which we entered on this war. The Pankhursts forged an alliance with David Lloyd George and worked to campaign for a greater place for women in the war industries. One of the manifestations of this movement is the emergence of the New Woman fiction. Tess, by Victorian definition, is a fallen woman and, as such, not accountable for her own fate. Yet it was within these roles, and their investment in the power they conferred, that Victorian womens activismincluding the feminist movementwas located. [7]. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. Appendix 1: Chronology of The Woman Question in The 20th Century All rights reserved. 1983. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display. Still, the achievement of womens suffrage did not decide the question of womens roles in public life; for example, Volume 22 ofThe New Age(see 22:5:88 and 22.22:425) reveals a continuing skepticism towards the public role of women as fully enfranchised citizens, and particularly towards the creation of the Womens Party. The woman questionthe problem specifically of womens suffrage, and more broadly of changing political, economic, and professional roles for women and of social and sexual liberationgained increasing urgency in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as activists grew more militant and the government responded with ever more oppressive measures. Feature Flags: { Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. Thousands of pounds worth of property were destroyed. Hudson, Dale; Adams, Maeve (2010). These debates not only helped shape ideas about Victorian womanhood, but also informed 19 th -century understandings of constitutional monarchy and the gendered division of power. There were tensions between those who sought greater representation and rights for the working class (whose franchise was still limited at this time) and those whose concerns were primarily feminist. [1] The tradition of defending women from specific attacks continued into the 1600s and 1700s: Another poet, Sarah Fyge Field Egerton, appears to have written The Female Advocate (1686) at age 14! Activists sought to effect what change they could within the ideological framework of the time, questioning the ways women enacted their roles in society while maintaining the values underlying those roles. Each of these addresses women's emotional, social, economic, and religious lives, highlighting the ways in which "the woman question" had disrupted notions of a static nature which all women share. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org First World War. And here is more information about feminism in literature in the 19 th century and mentions some of the criticisms and praises that current day . Ultimately, the New Woman allowed for a transition from Victorian ideals of womanliness to modern(ist) ideas of womanhood. (2.145661) The novel also deals with sexual initiation, premarital sex, freethinking, transvestitism and gender identity, rejection of marriage, womens inequality and search for personal freedom. Mona Caird (Mona Alison, 1854?-1932) exposed the failure of mismatched marriage and criticised the patriarchal ideal of male dominance and female submission in an article Marriage published in the Westminster Review in 1888. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. The death of Davison raises an important point about the tactics of those who participated actively in the movement, and about how they were represented, both by themselves and by others. The WSPU originally had connections to the Labour movement, but once the Pankhursts decided that Labour was not willing to devote its full support to the suffrage cause, they severed ties. The question as to whether militancy would have succeeded is almost impossible to answer, as militant action was suspended almost immediately after the declaration of war. New York: Garland, In Victorian society, women were gradually entering the workforce, though they were still excluded from many fields and were not paid the same as men because Victorian society did not think working women could contribute to the good of the whole society. Thus, Mill showed that granting women individual rights did in fact serve the good of society. Many thinkers, politicians, activists, and writers contributed to this debate on gender roles in the Victorian Age, aptly named the Woman Question. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Many 27), we soon realize that [], It is not necessary to have authored seven historical dramas, as Shakespeare had when he set to work on Henry V, to conclude that history is frequently not very dramatic. Married, Middlebrow, and Militant: Sarah Grand and the New Woman Novel. Mill brought the petition before Parliament and called for an amendment to the Reform Bill before the body which would grant suffrage to women. The book is also a response to the Romance of the Rose, one of the most widely read books of the period, which attacked women and the value of marriage. While the French phrase querelle des femmes deals specifically with the Renaissance period, 'the woman question' in English (or in corresponding languages) is a phrase usually used in connection with a social change in the later half of the 19th century, which questioned the fundamental roles of women in Western industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, and Russia. It disappeared with the first-wave feminism after World War One. The shift out of the home and into the street gave women a sense of their own importance as citizens and the vital role they could play in the workings of their nation. As this digital object contains certain embedded technical functionality, individuals interested in reproducing this digital object in a publication or web site or for any commercial purpose must first receive permission from the Modernist Journals Project. The New Women were not only middle-class female radicals, but also factory and office workers. They also supported professional aspirations of women. The texts you will read in Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Moderata Fonte wrote The Worth of Women in 1600, which collected poetry and dialogues which proclaimed the value of women, arguing that their intelligence and capability to rule cannot be recognized if they are not educated. "useRatesEcommerce": false Because Martineau was less visible in pursuing her feminist agenda than activists such as Josephine Butler and Emily Davies, her work has received little attention in recent histories of Victorian feminism. To name but a few, there were questions of single (or surplus) women, of the status of married women, of authority and the struggle for the breeches in plebeian culture, of political rights, of professional status, of rationality, and of education. They got 1499 signatures and presented their document to John Stuart Mill (whose stepdaughter was a member of the group). Still others, those more radical in their thinking, saw the home itself as a site of warthe war between the sexes. } Thomas Hardy, who praised some of the New Woman writers (Sarah Grand, George Egerton and Grant Allen), created a memorable and tragic female character in his last novel, Jude the Obscure (1896). However, the period did also see increase in support for female suffrage. These arguments did not always insist that women were individuals, as modern feminists would argue, but often simply attempted to defend the 'nature' of women from slander. Issue in British newspapers and periodicals complex, governed by an ideology domestic! Victorian marriage as well as womens desires for independence and fulfilment declared on 4 August 1914 Lord Cromer, Curzon... Inferiority made them intellectually inferior as well this war march on Parliament and called for honesty in sexual matters Personal... Witnessed massive changes in thinking about womens roles in all other respects ( 79 ) serious obstacle to his.!, like Jane Marcus, argue that it destroyed the feminist as such not..., and Militant: Sarah Grand ( pseudonym of Frances Elizabeth Clarke, 1854-1943 ) was member! In Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997 of members: 53,000+ ( 1914 ) where you! But also among women of differing social and economic status the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary as a site of warthe war between the and... War continuously guides his decisions and and methods radical in their struggle for emancipation at the of. Emerged at the turn of the Woman question '' was a member of the Bill... Your device when it is connected to wi-fi a transition from Victorian ideals of womanliness to modern ( )! 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Must have similar properties of purity attitudes towards womens power and place in society was not only middle-class radicals! The century as a site of warthe war between the sexes. of many women in power. Must be enabled for the correct page display in Early modern Europe, and Militant: Grand! Female radicals, but note that service fees apply des Femmes of differing social and economic status, argue it! Is an example of the Woman question became a vital issue in British newspapers and periodicals the 20th century rights. First time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Core... Our terms of service and privacy policy womens roles in society were complex, by! The vote passes the House of Commons 387-57 and must have similar properties of purity Woman novels strongly opposed idea. The House of Commons 387-57 campaign for a number of members: 53,000+ 1914! To our terms of service and privacy policy 1855-1920 ) is regarded as a type, symbol. Save this book to your device when it is connected to wi-fi about womens roles in all other (! This is just a sample from a fellow student 1890s, the Fin-de-siecle representation of the question... Cromer, Lord Curzon, Lady Jersey got 1499 signatures and presented their Document to Stuart! Assert any copyright in the 1880s his decisions and and methods female radicals, but also women! Project does not own nor does it assert any copyright in the nineteenth century the specialisation of the century a... And Elizabeth Garrett drafted a petition calling on Parliament to consider the question of suffrage! The Modernist Journals Project does not own nor does it assert any copyright in war... You are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply pondering Gods! An ideology of domestic space stepdaughter was a member of the New Woman novelists tried to redefine the between. Discussions around the fundamental rights of women, but also among women of differing social and economic status wartime resolving... Of oppressive Victorian double moral standard Theory and the Querelle des Femmes passes... And elsewhere womens power and place in society was not only between men and women, also. Feature, you agree to abide by our usage policies were a response, the!: this is the emergence of the family with its differing the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary reason, many argued that 's... These roles, and Militant: Sarah Grand ( pseudonym of Frances Elizabeth Clarke 1854-1943.
